Referencing style

Audiovisual material

30 September 2023

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Uploader, U. U. (Year, Month Date). Title of video: Subtitle of video [Video]. Publisher. URL

Ministry of Education. (2018, April 19). Things to consider when teaching te reo Māori [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/265674105

swapsoton. (2007, October 29). Peter Alcock—What is social policy? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Ccff_50dFP4

Parenthetical citations: (Ministry of Education, 2018; swapsoton, 2007)
Narrative citations: Ministry of Education (2018) and swapsoton (2007)

Authors and contributors: The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author to aid retrieval, even if they did not create the work. Note the contribution of others who appear in the video in the text narrative if desired, for example: Alcock discussed social policy … (swapsoton, 2007).
Date: Include year, month and day uploaded in the reference list entry.
- Vimeo shows the posting date if you click the ‘More’ button under the title.
- YouTube shows the exact posting date if you click the ‘years/months/days ago’ button under the uploader name.
Quotations: To quote directly from a video, provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number, for example (swapsoton, 2007, 2:15).
See also YouTube Video References (APA Style website).

Ebi, K. (2019, April). How climate change could make our food less nutritious [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/kristie_ebi_how_climate_change_could_make_our_food_less_nutritious

TED. (2019, October 10). How climate change could make our food less nutritious: Kristie Ebi [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/wzjVT07bcYA

Parenthetical citations: (Ebi, 2019; TED, 2019)
Narrative citations: Ebi (2019) and TED (2019)

Author: When the TED Talk is from TED’s website (as with the Ebi example), use the name of the speaker as author. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account (here, TED) as the author to aid retrieval.
Speaker: When the speaker is not listed as the author, integrate their name into the text narrative if desired, e.g. Ebi discussed how high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide lower plants’ nutritional value (TED, 2019).
Quotations: To quote directly from a TED Talk video, provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number. For example: (Ebi, 2019, 5:17).
See also TED Talk References (APA Style website).

Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title of film: Subtitle of film [Film]. Publisher.

Batalibasi, A. (Producer), & Pa’apa’a, L. (Producer). (2011). Pacific stories: A film project exploring Pacific Islander identities [Film; DVD]. Pacific Stories.

Cullen, P. (Director). (2004). The stolen eye [Film]. Admire Productions.

Gibson, L. (Writer & Director). (2011). Fehuluni. In A. Batalibasi & L. Pa’apa’a (Producers), Pacific stories: A film project exploring Pacific Islander identities [Film]. Pacific Stories.

Parenthetical citations: (Batalibasi & Pa’apa’a, 2011; Cullen, 2004; Gibson, 2011)
Narrative citations: Batalibasi and Pa’apa’a (2011), Cullen (2004), and Gibson (2011)

Authors: For films, usually the director should be credited as the author. If the director is unknown, however, someone in a similar role can be credited instead to aid readers in retrieving the work (e.g., the Batalibasi & Pa’apa’a example above). The description of role in this case matches what is on the work and is flexible.
Versions: It is unnecessary to specify how you watched a film (in a theatre, on DVD, streaming online).
- All the same, when you need to specify the version used (e.g., when the film’s DVD release includes a commentary or special feature that you used), the format or other descriptive information may be included. Put this information within the [ ] after the word “Film” and a semicolon, for example [Film; DVD] or [Film; educational DVD] and so on. Adjust the wording as needed.
See also Film and Television References (APA Style website).

Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title of film: Subtitle of film [Film]. Publisher. URL OR nothing

O’Leary, C. (Producer/Director). (1998). A class act: Mervyn Thomspon, playwright [Film]. Banshee Productions. https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/a-class-act-mervyn-thompson-his-life--work-1997/

Pryor, H. (Director). (2007). The Lacandon Maya [Film]. Filmakers Library.

Su, C. F., & Picker, M. (Directors). (2001). Mickey Mouse monopoly: Disney, childhood & corporate power [Film]. Media Education Foundation.

Parenthetical citations: (O’Leary, 1998; Pryor, 2007; Su & Picker, 2001)
Narrative citations: O’Leary (1998), Pryor (2007), and Su and Picker (2001)

Streaming: The URL of a film viewed on a streaming service such as Alexander Street or Kanopy will not resolve for all readers, so the URL is omitted.
See also Film and Television References (APA Style website).

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Title of episode: Subtitle of episode [TV series episode OR Radio series episode]. In P. P. Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV or radio series: Subtitle of TV or radio series. Production Company. URL

MacAskill, W. (2015, September 29). Effective altruism, doing good better [Radio series episode]. In K. Ryan (Host), Nine to noon. Radio New Zealand. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/201772518/effective-altruism,-doing-good-better

Turner, H., & Roberts, A. (2014, May 12). Teacher racism [TV series episode]. In M. Forbes (Host), Native affairs. Māori Television. https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/education/native-affairs-teacher-racism

Parenthetical citations: (MacAskill, 2015; Turner & Roberts, 2014)
Narrative citations: MacAskill (2015) and Turner and Roberts (2014)

Authors: The writer or writers and director are credited for a TV series episode or webisode. Other role descriptions, such as “Executive Director”, may also be used if used on the source instead.
Interviews: For interviews housed in digital or physical archives, credit the interviewee as the author.
See also Film and Television References (APA Style website).