Personal communications may be private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews or telephone conversations. Personal communications are only cited in text and are not included in the reference list, as the information is unable to be retrieved by others.
In-text examples
B. T. Smith (personal communication, September 21, 2020)
(B. T. Smith, personal communication, September 21, 2020)
See also
- Personal Communications (APA Style website). It includes a section “Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples”.
- How to Cite a Work With a Nonrecoverable Source (APA Style blog).
- Quotations From Research Participants (APA Style website).
