UC Spark

Associate Professor Raphael Krishna Didham

Biological Sciences

Fields of Research

  • Conservation biology
  • Forest fragmentation
  • Insect ecology
  • Insect population dynamics

Researcher Summary

Research interests include:
- The effects of forest fragmentation, particularly edge effects, on insect community structure
- The impact of biodiversity loss on trophic structure dynamics and insect-mediated ecosystem process rates
- Canopy entomology, particularly interactions between ground and canopy insect assemblages
- Taxonomy and systematics of the Coleoptera and Diptera (Mycetophilidae)
- Conservation biology
- Restoration ecology
- The impact of pests (introduced Vespula spp. wasps and mammals) and pest control on forest insect communities.

Subject Area: Disciplines

Research Groups

Publications


  • Ewers, R.M., Bartlam, S. and Didham, R.K. (2013) Altered species interactions at forest edges: contrasting edge effects on bumble bees and their phoretic mite loads in temperate forest remnants. Insect Conservation and Diversity (early access online) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12014. (Journal Article)
  • McCarthy, J.K., Brockerhoff, E.G. and Didham, R.K. (2013) An experimental test of insect-mediated colonisation of damaged Pinus radiata trees by sapstain fungi. PLoS ONE 8(2): e55692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055692. (Journal Article)
  • Barnes, A.D., Emberson, R.M., Chapman, H.M., Frank, T., Krell, K.T. and Didham, R.K. (2013) The influence of matrix habitat restoration on dung beetle species responses across tropical forest edges. Conservation Biology (in press) (Journal Article)
  • Blakely, T.J., Harding, J.S. and Didham, R.K. (2012) Distinctive aquatic assemblages in water-filled tree holes: A novel component of freshwater biodiversity in New Zealand temperate rainforests. Insect Conservation and Diversity 5(3): 202-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00155.x. (Journal Article)
  • McCarthy, J.K., Hood, I.A., Kimberley, M.O., Didham, R.K., Bakys, R., Fleet, K.R., Brownlie, R.K., Flint, H.J. and Brockerhoff, E.G. (2012) Effects of season and region on sapstain and wood degrade following simulated storm damage in Pinus radiata plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 277: 81-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forceco.2012.04.018. (Journal Article)
  • Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J.M., Rand, R.A., Didham, R.K., Fahrig, L., Batáry, P., Bengtsson, J., Clough, Y., Crist, T.O., Dormann, C.F., Ewers, R.M., Fründ, J., Holt, R.D., Holzschuh, A., Klein, A.M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D.A., Laurance, W., Lindenmayer, D., Scherber, C., Sodhi, N., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Thies, C., van der Putten, W.H. and Westphal, C. (2012) Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses. Biological Reviews 87(3): 661-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M., Didham, R.K., Fahrig, L., Ferraz, G., Hector, A., Holt, R.D., Kapos, V., Reynolds, G., Sinun, W., Snaddon, J.L. and Turner, E.C. (2011) A large-scale forest fragmentation experiment: The Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems Project. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 366(1582): 3292-3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0049. (Journal Article)
  • Pawson, S.M., Brockerhoff, E.G., Watt, M.S. and Didham, R.K. (2011) Maximising biodiversity in plantation forests: Insights from long-term changes in clearfell-sensitive beetles in a Pinus radiata plantation. Biological Conservation 144(12): 2842-2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.001. (Journal Article)
  • Campbell, R.E., Harding, J.S., Ewers, R.M., Thorpe, S. and Didham, R.K. (2011) Production land use alters edge response functions in remnant forest invertebrate communities. Ecological Applications 21(8): 3147-3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-2390.1. (Journal Article)
  • Laurance, W.F., Camargo, J.L.C., Luizão, R.C.C., Laurance, S.G., Pimm, S.L., Bruna, E.M., Stouffer, P.C., Williamson, G.B., Benitez-Malvido, J., Vasconcelos, H.L., Van Houtan, K.S., Zartman, C.E., Boyle, S.A., Didham, R.K., Andrade, A. and Lovejoy, T.E. (2011) The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year investigation. Biological Conservation 144(1): 56-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021. (Journal Article)
  • Dodd, M., Barker, G.M., Burns, B., Didham, R.K., Innes, J., King, C., Smale, M. and Watts, C.H. (2011) The resilience of New Zealand indigenous forest fragments to impacts of livestock and pest mammals. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 35(1): 83-95. http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/new_issues/NZJEcol35_1_83.pdf. (Journal Article)
  • Webber, B.L., Scott, J.K. and Didham, R.K. (2011) Translocation or bust! A new acclimatization agenda for the 21st century? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26(10): 495-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.007. (Journal Article)
  • Pawson, S.M., McCarthy, J.K., Ledgard, N.J. and Didham, R.K. (2010) Density-dependent impacts of exotic conifer invasion on grassland invertebrate assemblages. Journal of Applied Ecology 47(5): 1053-1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01855.x. (Journal Article)
  • Barnes, A.D., Emberson, R.M., Chapman, H.M. Didham. and R.K. (2010) The effects of forest edges on dung beetle communities in a tropical montane forest. Wellington: 59th Entomological Society of NZ Annual Conference: Global Entomology in New Zealand, 11-14 Apr 2010. (Conference Contribution - Poster presentation)
  • Ewers, R.M., Kapos, V., Coomes, D.A., Lafortezza, R. and Didham, R.K. (2009) Mapping community change in modified landscapes. Biological Conservation 142(12): 2872-2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.022. (Journal Article)
  • Pawson, S.M., Brockerhoff, E.G. and Didham, R.K. (2009) Native forest generalists dominate carabid assemblages along a stand-age chronosequence in an exotic Pinus radiata plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 258S(Supplement 1): S108-S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.08.012. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Barker, G.M., Costall, J.A., Denmead, L.H., Floyd, C.G. and Watts, C.H. (2009) The interactive effects of livestock exclusion and mammalian pest control on the restoration of invertebrate communities in small forest remnants. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36: 135-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220909510148. (Journal Article)
  • Affeld, K., Worner, S., Didham, R. K., Sullivan, J.J., Henderson, R., Malumbres Olarte, J., Thorpe, S., Clunie, L., Early, J., Emberson, R., Johns, P., Dugdale, J., Mound, L., Smithers, C., Pollard, S. and Ward, J. (2009) The invertebrate fauna of epiphyte mats in the canopy of northern rata (Myrtaceae: Metrosideros robusta A. Cunn.) on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36: 177-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014220909510150. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C.H., Vojvodic-Vukovic, M., Arnold, G.C. and Didham, R.K. (2008) A comparison of restoration techniques to accelerate recovery of litter decomposition and microbial activity in an experimental peat bog restoration trial. Wetlands Ecology and Management 16(3): 199-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-007-9068-0. (Journal Article)
  • Affeld, K., Sullivan, J., Worner, S.P. and Didham, R.K. (2008) Can spatial variation in epiphyte diversity and community structure be predicted from sampling vascular epiphytes alone? Journal of Biogeography 35(12): 2274-2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01949.x. (Journal Article)
  • Lindo, Z., Winchester, N.N. and Didham, R.K. (2008) Nested patterns of community assembly in the colonisation of artificial canopy habitats by oribatid mites. OIKOS 117(12): 1856-1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16920.x. (Journal Article)
  • Pawson, S.M., Brockerhoff, E.G. Meenken., E.D., Didham. and R.K. (2008) Non-native plantation forests as alternative habitat for native forest beetles in a heavily modified landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(5): 1127-1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9363-y. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2008) Pervasive impact of large-scale edge effects on a beetle community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(14): 5426-5429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800460105. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C.H., Clarkson, B.R. and Didham, R.K. (2008) Rapid beetle community convergence following experimental habitat restoration in a mined peat bog. Biological Conservation 141(2): 568-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.008. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C.H., Thornburrow, D., Thornburrow, J. and Didham, R.K. (2008) Sampling the invertebrate community associated with a threatened wetland plant, Sporadanthus ferrugineus, using a new design of emergence trap. New Zealand Entomologist 31: 23-29. (Journal Article)
  • Blakely, T.J., Jellyman, P.G., Holdaway, R.J., Young, L., Burrows, B., Duncan, P., Thirkettle, D., Simpson, J., Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2008) The abundance, distribution and structural characteristics of tree-holes in Nothofagus forest, New Zealand. Austral Ecology 33(8): 963-974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01867.x. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. (2008) The conservation and restoration of invertebrate biodiversity in small forest fragments on private land. The Weta 36: 1-7. (Journal Article)
  • Norton, D.A. and Didham, R.K. (2007) Comment on "Why Are There So Many Species of Herbivorous Insects in Tropical Rainforests?". Science 315(5819): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137249. (Journal Article)
  • Basset, Y., Corbara, B., Barrios, H., Cuénoud, P., Leponce, M., Aberlenc, H-P., Bail, J., Bito, D., Bridle, J.R., Castaño-Meneses, G., Cizek, L., Cornejo, A., Curletti, G., Delabie, J.H.C., Dejean, A., Didham, R.K., Dufrêne, M., Fagan, L.L., Floren, A., Frame, D.M., Hallé, F., Hardy, O.J., Hernandez, A., Kitching, R.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., Lewis, O.T., Manumbor, M., Medianero, E., Missa, O., Mitchell, A.W., Mogia, M., Novotny, V., Ødegaard, F., Game de Oliveira, E., Orivel, J., Ozanne, C.M.P., Pascal, O., Pinzón, S., Rapp, M., Ribeiro, S.P., Roisin, Y., Roslin, T., Roubik, D.W., Samaniego, M., Schmidl, J., Sørensen, L.L., Tishechkin, A., van Osselaer, C. and Winchester, N.N. (2007) IBISCA-Panama, a large-scale study of arthropod beta-diversity and vertical stratification in a lowland rainforest: rationale, study sites and field protocols. Bulletin de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 77: 39-69. http://www.naturalsciences.be/cb/ants/pdf_free/BassetEtAl2007-IBISCA-PanamaColorVersion.pdf. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Gemmell, N.J., Rand, T.A. and Ewers, R.M. (2007) Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22(9): 489-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.001. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M., Thorpe, S. and Didham, R.K. (2007) Synergistic interactions between edge and the area effects in a heavily fragmented landscape. Ecology 88(1): 96-106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27651071. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2007) The effect of fragment shape and species' sensitivity to habitat edges on animal population size. Conservation Biology 21(4): 926-936. (Journal Article)
  • Plant, A.R. and Didham, R.K. (2006) A new genus of Drapetini (Diptera: Hybotidae: Tachydromiinae) from New Zealand. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 142: 41-47. (Journal Article)
  • Fagan, L.L., Didham, R.K., Winchester, N.N., Behan-Pelletier, V., Clayton, M., Lindquist, E. and Ring, R.A. (2006) An experimental assessment of biodiversity and species turnover in terrestrial vs canopy leaf litter. Oecologia 147(2): 335-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0262-6. (Journal Article)
  • Pawson, S.M., Brockerhoff, E.G., Norton, D.A. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Clear-fell harvest impacts on biodiversity: past research and the search for harvest size thresholds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36(4): 1035-1046. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biological Reviews 81(1): 117-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006949. (Journal Article)
  • Wardhaugh, C.W. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Establishment success of sooty beech scale insects, Ultracoelostoma sp., on different host tree species in New Zealand. Journal of Insect Science 6(29): 1-9. (Journal Article)
  • Lavendero, I.B., Wratten, S.D., Didham, R.K. and Gurr, G. (2006) Increasing floral diversity for selective enhancement of biological control agents: a double-edged sward? Basic and Applied Ecology 7(3): 236-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.09.004. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C.H. and Didham R.K. (2006) Influences of habitat isolation on invertebrate colonisation of Sporodanthus ferrugineus in a mined peat bog. Restoration Ecology 14(3): 412-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00149.x. (Journal Article)
  • Affeld, K., Worner, S.P., Lister, A., Didham, R. and Sullivan, J. (2006) Living the high life: Arthropod communities of epiphyte mats in the canopy of northern rata (Metrosideros robusta). Wellington, New Zealand: Ecology Across The Tasman 2006, 28 Aug-1 Sep 2006. (Conference Contribution - Oral presentation)
  • Ewers, R.M., Kliskey, A.D., Walker, S., Rutledge, D., Harding, J. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Past and future trajectories of forest loss in New Zealand. Biological Conservation 133(3): 312-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.018. (Journal Article)
  • Wardhaugh, C.W. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Preliminary evidence suggests that beech scale insect honeydew has a negative effect on terrestrial litter decomposition rates in Nothofagus forests of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30(2): 279-284. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C.H. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Rapid recovery of an insect-plant interaction following habitat loss and experimental wetland restoration. Oecologia 148(1): 61-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0344-5. (Journal Article)
  • Watts, C. and Didham, R. (2006) Rapid recovery of an insect-plant interaction following habitat loss and wetland restoration: conservation threats to the 'world's thinnest caterpillar'. Wellington, New Zealand: Ecology Across The Tasman 2006, 28 Aug-1 Sep 2006. (Conference Contribution - Oral presentation)
  • Didham, R.K. (2006) The use of museum specimens for post hoc genetic analysis of recent evolutionary divergence in invertebrate populations. The Weta 32(1): 1-6. (Journal Article)
  • Wardhaugh, C.W., Blakely, T.J., Greig, H.S., Morris, P.D., Barnden, A., Rickard, S., Atkinson, B., Fagan, L.L., Ewers, R.M. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Vertical stratification in the spatial distribution of the beech scale insect (Ultracoelostoma assimile) in Nothofagus tree canopies in New Zealand. Ecological Entomology 31(2): 185-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2006.00778.x. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Hutchison, M.A., Ewers, R.M. and Gemmell, N.J. (2005) Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 470-474. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Watts, C.H. and Norton, D.A. (2005) Are systems with strong underlying abiotic regimes more likely to exhibit alternative stable states? Oikos 110: 409-416. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Ewers, R.M. and Gemmell, N.J. (2005) Comment on "Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands". Science 307: 1412a. doi:10.1126/science.1107333. (Journal Article)
  • Wardhaugh, C.W. and Didham, R.K. (2005) Density-dependent effects on the reproductive fitness of the New Zealand beech scale insect (Ultracoelostoma assimile) across multiple spatial scales. Ecological Entomology 30: 733-738. (Journal Article)
  • Whyte, B.I., Didham, R.K. and Briskie, J.V. (2005) Nest predation in two differing New Zealand forest habitats: the effects of forest edge and nest height. New Zealand Natural Sciences 30: 19-34. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M., Didham, R.K., Wratten, S.D. and Tylianakis, J.M. (2005) Remotely sensed landscape heterogeneity as a rapid tool for assessing local biodiversity value in a highly modified New Zealand landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 14(6): 1469-1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-9786-z. (Journal Article)
  • Plant, A.R. and Didham, R.K. (2005) The female of Austropeza Plant, 1989 (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae; Ocydromiinae). New Zealand Entomologist 28: 81-83. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. and Fagan, L.L. (2004) Forest canopies. In J. Burley, J. Evans and J. Youngquist (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Forest Sciences: 68-80. London: Academic Press, Elsevier Science. (Chapter in Book)
  • Tylianakis, J.M., Didham, R.K. and Wratten, S.D. (2004) Improved fitness of aphid parasitoids receiving resource subsidies. Ecology 85(3): 658-666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0222. (Journal Article)
  • Wardhaugh, C.W. and Didham, R.K. (2004) The effect of introduced wasp (Vespula vulgaris, Hymenoptera: Vespidae) predation on the dispersive life history stages of beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp., Homoptera: Margarodidae). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 91-101. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. and Springate, N.D. (2003) Determinants of temporal variation in community structure. In Y. Basset, V. Novotny, S.E. Miller and R.L. Kitching (Ed.), Arthropods of Tropical Forests: spatio-temporal dynamics and resource use in the canopy: 28-39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter in Book)
  • Davies, R.G., Hernandez, L.M., Eggleton, P., Didham, R.K., Fagan, L.L. and Winchester, N.N. (2003) Environmental and spatial influences upon species composition of a termite assemblage across neotropical forest islands. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 509-524. (Journal Article)
  • Wratten, S., Berndt, L., Gurr, G., Tylianakis, J., Fernando, P. and Didham, R. (2002) Adding floral diversity to enhance parasitoid fitness and efficacy. Honolulu, Hawaii: 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, 14-18 January 2002. 211-214. (Conference Contribution - Paper in published proceedings)
  • Laurance, W.F., Lovejoy, T.E., Vasconcelos, H.L., Bruna, E.M., Didham, R.K., Stouffer, P.C., Gascon, C., Bierregaard, R.O., Laurance, S.G. and Sampaio, E. (2002) Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology 16: 1-13. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. (2002) Editorial - Living the high life. The Weta 24(1): 1--4. (Journal Article)
  • Jaschhof, M. and Didham, R.K. (2002) Rangomaramidae fam. n. from New Zealand and implications for the phylogeny of the Sciaroidea (Diptera: Bibionomorpha). Studia Dipterologica 11: 1-56. (Journal Article)
  • Ewers, R.M., Didham, R.K. and Ranson, L.H. (2002) The Hope River forest fragmentation project. The Weta 24(1): 25--34. (Journal Article)
  • Laurance, W.F., Didham, R.K. and Power, M.E. (2001) Ecological boundaries: a search for synthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 70--1. (Journal Article)
  • Eber, S., Smith, H.P., Didham, R.K. and Cornell, H.V. (2001) Holly leaf-miners on two continents: what makes an outbreak species? Ecological Entomology 26: 124--32. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. (2001) The implications of changing invertebrate abundance patterns for insectivorous vertebrates in fragmented forest in Central Amazonia. In Bierregaard, R.O., Jr, Gascon, C., Lovejoy T.E. and dos Santos, A.A. (Ed.), The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest: Lessons from Amazonia: 463--483. USA: Yale University Press. (Chapter in Book)
  • Didham, R.K. and Lawton, J.H. (1999) Edge structure determines the magnitude of changes in microclimate and vegetation structure in tropical forest fragments. Biotropica 31: 17--30. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. (1998) Altered leaf-litter decomposition rates in tropical forest fragments. Oecologia 116: 397--406. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Hammond, P.M., Lawton, J.H., Eggleton, P. and Stork, N.E. (1998) Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs 68: 295--323. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. and Stork, N.E. (1998) Rise of the supertramp beetles. Natural History 107: 38--39. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K., Lawton, J.H., Hammond, P.M. and Eggleton, P. (1998) Trophic structure stability and extinction dynamics of beetles (Coleoptera) in tropical forest fragments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B 353: 437--451. (Journal Article)
  • Didham, R.K. (1997) An overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation. In Watt, A.D., Stork, N.E. and Hunter, M.D. (Ed.), Forests and Insects: 303--320. London: Chapman & Hall. (Chapter in Book)
  • Stork, N.E., Didham, R.K. and Adis, J. (1997) Canopy arthropod studies for the future. Canopy Arthropods: 551--561. London: Chapman & Hall. (Chapter in Book)
  • Stork, N.E., Adis, J. and Didham, R.K. (Ed.) (1997) Canopy Arthropods. London: Chapman & Hall. 563. (Edited Book)
  • Didham, R.K. (1997) Dipteran tree-crown assemblages in a diverse southern temperate rainforest. Canopy Arthropods: 320--343. London: Chapman & Hall. (Chapter in Book)
  • Bierregaard, R.O., Laurance, W.F., Sites, J.W., Lynam, A.J., Didham, R.K., Anderson, M., Gascon, C., Tocher, M.D., Smith, A.P., Viana, V.M., Lovejoy, T.E., Sieving, K.E., Kramer, E.A., Restrepa, C. and Moritz, C. (1997) Key priorities for the study of fragmented tropical ecosystems. In Laurance, W.F. and Bierregaard, R.O. (Ed.), Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities: 515-25.University of Chicago Press. (Chapter in Book)
  • Didham, R.K. (1997) The influence of edge effects and forest fragmentation on leaf litter invertebrates in Central Amazonia. In Laurance, W.F. and Bierregaard, R.O., Jr (Ed.), Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management and Conservation of Fragmented Communities: 55--70. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Chapter in Book)
  • Laurance, W.F., Bierregaard, R.O., Gascon, C., Didham, R.K., Smith, A.P., Lynam, A.J., Viana, V.M., Lovejoy, T.E., Sieving, K.E., Sites, J.W., Anderson, M., Tocher, M.D., Kramer, E.A., Restrepo, C. and Moritz, C. (1997) Tropical forest fragmentation: synthesis of a diverse and dynamic discipline. In Laurance, W.F. and Bierregaard, R.O. (Ed.), Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities: 502--14.University of Chicago Press. (Chapter in Book)